However, there were other Mississippians as the culture spread across modern-day US. Plaquemine Mississippian culture. It was known for building large, earthen platform mounds, and often other shaped mounds as well. These might have been for primary burials, but more often they were for the reburial of remains originally interred elsewhere. Add new page. Mark A. Rees and Patrick C. Livingood, editors., "Plaquemine Archaeology". It was inhabited from approximately 1300 to 1600 CE and it consisted of two platform mounds separated by a plaza. [3] Like other Native Americans in the southeast this open plaza area would have been used for public rituals and functions such as the Green Corn Ceremony and games such as chunkey and the ballgame. Encontre diversos livros escritos por LLC, Books com ótimos preços. There were large Mississippian centers in Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma. Unlike Mississippian settlements which were often large nucleated villages, Plaquemine settlements were usually barely populated ceremonial civic centers whose only permanent residents were the elites and their families, priests, and their attendants and servants. R. Barry Lewis and Charles Stout, editors., "Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces", University of Alabama Press, 1998. [2] A prominent feature of Plaquemine sites are large ceremonial centers with two or more large mounds facing an open plaza. Category page. Many societies in the region began to collapse. The site of a mound was usually one with special significance, either a pre-existing mortuary site, temple, or civic structure. When the remnants of de Sotos expedition finally made it down the river past Quigualtam they encountered below it another unnamed but powerful chiefdom; who also gave chase until the foreigners had left their territory. [10] Through repeated contacts, groups in Mississippi and then Louisiana began adopting Mississippian techniques for making pottery, as well as ceremonial objects and possibly social structuring. [2] A prominent feature of Plaquemine sites are large ceremonial centers with two or more large mounds facing an open plaza.The flat-topped, pyramidal mounds were constructed in several stages. Mississippian cultures, like many before them, built mounds. These cultural hallmarks along with the implementation of intensive maize agriculture have become Plaquemine culture designators. Potters cut designs into the surface of the wet clay and, like their Caddoan contemporaries, the Plaquemine peoples engraved designs on pots after they were fired. Mississippian culture: | | ||| | A map showing approximate areas of various Mississippi... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. They piled soil, shells, rocks, and other debris on top of each layer to build these mounds. [7], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley, "Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period", "Louisiana Prehistory : Plaquemine Mississippian", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Fitzhugh Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana : Flowery Mound", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Ghost Site Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana : Julice Mound", "National Park Service : Indian Mounds of Mississippi : Pocahontas Mound A", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Scott Place Mounds", "The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Translyvania Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Venable Mound", Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Plaquemine_culture&oldid=699733114#Plaquemine_Mississippian, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, A Plaquemine/Mississippian site approx. It is the type site for the, A multimound site in Adams County, Mississippi southeast of, A multimound site with a platform mound, a, A multimound site located in Tensas Parish, Louisiana that is type site for the, A multimound site from the Late Coles Creek-Early Plaquemine period located in, A large multimound site with 2 plazas and components from the Coles Creek (700–1200) and Plaquemine/Mississippian periods (1200–1541). The pottery of the Taensa in eastern Louisiana used Mississippian style shell tempering and pottery shapes but was still being engraved with decorative designs typical of the Plaquemine area. [28], CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley, "Louisiana Prehistory : Plaquemine-Mississippian", "Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period", "Louisiana Comprehensive Statewide Historic Preservation Plan", "Louisiana Prehistory : Plaquemine Mississippian", "Recent investigations at the Sims Site (16SC2)", "The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico", "Mississippi period mound groups and communities in the Lower Mississippi Valley", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Fitzhugh Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana : Flowery Mound", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Ghost Site Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana : Julice Mound", "National Park Service : Indian Mounds of Mississippi : Pocahontas Mound A", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Scott Place Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana: Transylvania Mounds", "Indian Mounds of Northeast Louisiana:Venable Mound", Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaquemine_culture&oldid=995096562#Plaquemine_Mississippian, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, AKA as Patterson Mounds, Patterson site, Moro Plantation Mounds and the protohistoric village of Qiteet Kuti´ngi Na´mu of the, Located approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Natchez. On top of this the intrusion of Europeans had upset the delicate political balance between native groups who had existed in a state of endemic warfare between polities for generations. A two mound site in Adams County, Mississippi which dates from approximately 1350 to 1500 CE and is the type site for the, A Plaquemine/Mississippian site located in the present town of, A Plaquemine/Mississippian site from central western Mississippi, sometimes known as the Lake George Site. Historian Charles M. Hudson has suggested that Quigualtam was centered on the area surrounding the Holly Bluff or Winterville Sites in the lower Yazoo Basin. [24], This pattern of plazas flanked by mounds with temples, elite residences and mortuary structures at their summits was inherited from their Troyville and Coles Creek culture ancestors, and was a village arrangement widely employed throughout the southeast. They were constructed of wattle and daub, and sometimes with wall posts sunk into foot-deep wall trenches. [2], The Plaquemine Culture occupied the rest of Louisiana not taken by the Caddoan Mississippian culture during this time frame. The type of structures constructed ran the gamut: temples, houses, and burial buildings. They were constructed of wattle and daub, and sometimes with wall posts sunk into wall trenches. Coupled with the adoption of maize agriculture during this period was a population explosion and an increase in the number and size of the sites. This page was last modified on 14 January 2016, at 02:14. Eventually the last enclave of purely Plaquemine culture was the Natchez Bluffs area, while the Yazoo Basin and Louisiana areas became a hybrid Plaquemine Mississippian culture. R. Barry Lewis and Charles Stout, editors., "Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces", University of Alabama Press, 1998. After Cahokia's collapse in the mid 14th century they coexisted with Late Mississippian groups centered on eastern Arkansas near Memphis. Plaquemine peoples also had undecorated pots that they used for ordinary daily tasks. [3], One kind of pottery occasionally placed in the graves is called "killed" pottery. The Mississippian culture was a Native American civilization that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE, varying regionally. Remnant populations of Mississippian peoples began migrating across and down the Mississippi. Everyone else lived in small hamlets and farmsteads dispersed across the landscape. The second largest pre-Columbian structure in the USA and is the type site for the. [24], Natchez pottery from the Grand Village site, Pottery during this phase still used grog tempering as their Coles Creek ancestors had; with the use of ground mussel shell tempering being a distinctive marker for Mississippian cultural contact. The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American civilization archeologists date from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE, varying regionally. At times, shallow, oval or rectangular graves were dug in the mounds. Only the Natchez Bluffs region and regions to the south withstood the Mississippian cultural influences. The ethnographic record from the historic period suggests some large sites such as Winterville or Emerald were the centers of paramount chiefdoms who exerted control over other smaller civic sites. The Central Mississippi Valley which de Soto had described as the most heavily populated area he had seen since the Valley of Mexico was now almost vacant; only sparsely occupied by the Quapaw who were an intrusive Dhegiha Siouan people that moved into the area from the Ohio River region sometime in the late 16th to early 17th century. As more Mississippian culture influences were absorbed, the Plaquemine area as a distinct culture began to shrink after CE 1350. Parts of the Tensas Basin and all of the Yazoo Basin eventually became Mississippian territory (Brain 1974). [3] Pottery during this phase still used dry clay particles a tempering material, with the use of ground shell being a marker for Mississippian cultural contact. [16] Others have put forward the Glass Site; which is on the flood plain in between the Mississippi River and the Natchez Bluffs approximately 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) south of Vicksburg. [11], By the mid 15th century influences from Pensacola culture peoples (from the Bottle Creek Site on the Gulf Coast near Mobile) had begun spreading westward across Barataria Bay and the Atchafalaya Basin and by 1700 had Mississipianized the local populations as far north as modern day Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Mounds were often built on top of the ruins of a house or temple and similar buildings were usually constructed on top of the mound. [25][26], A diagram showing the various components of platform mounds, Great Temple and Great Suns cabin drawn by eyewitness Alexandre de Batz, Secondary mound on top of the massive Emerald Mound, Arrangement of mounds and plaza at the Holly Bluff Site, Stone discoidals used for the game of chunkey, found at Winterville, Plaquemine pottery was decorated with their own unique characteristics. [12][13][14], The Plaquemine peoples absorbed more Mississippian influence and the area of their distinct culture began to shrink after 1350 CE. Many different archaeological cultures (Poverty Point culture, Troyville culture, Coles Creek culture, Plaquemine culture and Mississippian culture) of North Americas Eastern Woodlands are specifically well known for using platform mounds as a central aspect of … A single mound Late Coles Creek to Plaquemine/Mississippian site in Tensas Parish, Louisiana which dates from approximately 1200–1541. Mississippian culture pottery was made from locally available clay sources, which often gives archaeologists clues as to where a specific example originated. [15] Various pottery fragments belonging to the Plaquemine culture , chunkey stones and several Mississippian copper plates , one with an avian design similar to other plates found Etowah in Georgia and Lake Jackson Mounds in Florida. Frete GRÁTIS em milhares de produtos com o Amazon Prime. [4], Beginning during the Terminal Coles Creek period (1150 to 1250 CE), Mississippian cultures far upstream from the Plaquemine area began expanding their reach southward. After each expansion episode new structures were usually constructed on their summits. [1] It had a deep history in the area stretching back through the earlier Coles Creek (700-1200 CE) and Troyville cultures (400-700 CE)[2] to the Marksville culture (100 BCE to 400 CE). Mississippian culture. The Plaquemine culture was an archaeological culture in the lower Mississippi River Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. The builders were an intrusive group in the area; Mississippianized peoples who were possibly refugees from the Mississippi River area to the east that were escaping the collapse of their societies brought about by the aftereffects of first European contact. 276,553 Pages. [3], In earlier times, buildings were usually circular, but later they were likely to be rectangular. An inherently volatile system, sometimes factions in smaller centers attained supremacy and power would shift from one civic center to another, resulting in the partial or total abandonment of the former capital. The Plaquemine culture is considered ancestral to the Natchez and Taensa Peoples.. European contact Edit. A two mound site in Adams County, Mississippi which dates from approximately 1350 to 1500 CE and is the type site for the, A historic period Late Plaquemine/protohistoric period site located in the present town of, A Plaquemine/Mississippian site from central western Mississippi, sometimes known as the Lake George Site. Its people are considered descendants of the Troyville-Coles Creek culture. Plaquemine culture is similar to these archaeological cultures: Erlitou culture, Hassuna culture, Boian culture and more. Though other cultures may have used mounds for different purposes, Mississippian cultures typically built structures on top of them. The flat-topped, pyramidal mounds usually underwent multiple episodes of mound construction and were built in several stages. Cultural trappings including societal organization, language and pottery styles in Louisiana and Mississippi during the early historic period bear this out. They were primarily agriculturists who grew maize, pumpkins, squash, beans and tobacco but they also hunted, fished, and gathered wild plants. Plaquemine peoples also had undecorated pots that they used for ordinary daily tasks. This difference between the two closely related groups showed that Mississippian diffusion into the area beginning during the Transylvania Phase (1550-1700 CE) of the Tensas Basin region from what is now southeastern Arkansas had by the late 17th century reached the lower Tensas River basin in Louisiana. It was known for building large, earthen platform mounds, and often other shaped mounds as well. The Mississippian culture was a Native American civilization that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1600 CE, varying regionally. It is considered ancestral to the Natchez and Taensa peoples. Plaquemine Mississippian earthwork sites are similar in appearance to Middle Mississippian complexes, except the former are ceremonial in nature and usually lack a residential aspect. These massive earthworks were constructed by the ancient North Americans of different cultures (Poverty Point, Troyville, Coles Creek, Plaquemine, and Mississippian cultures), and construction likely started as far early as the Archaic Period and reached its peak during the Woodland Period. These two sites were the only major ceremonial center on this stretch of the Mississippi River occupied during the protohistoric period from 1500 to 1650 CE. [8][9], Plaquemine was an outgrowth of the earlier Coles Creek culture (700 to 1200 CE). [7] A possibility for the second group is the Emerald Phase (1500 – 1680) of the Natchez chiefdom, headquartered at the massive Emerald Mound; which was in its ascendancy at the time. [11], They had complex political and religious institutions and lived in villages centered on large ceremonial centers with two or more platform mounds facing an open plaza. Search Sign In Don't have an account? It spread over a great area of the Southeast and the mid-continent, as far south and east as Georgia, as far north as … Use of grog tempering for pottery at locations such as the Sims Site in southeastern Louisiana had been replaced by shell tempering. [1] It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages (suburbs) (the largest city being Cahokia, which is believed to be a major religious center) and linked together by a loose trading network. Plaquemine has consequently received the dubious distinction of being defined by the characteristics it lacks, rather than by those it possesses. [17][18][19][20], In the meantime native peoples of the region suffered from epidemics of infectious disease; carried both by the de Soto expedition and indirectly from other Native Americans who had contact with European traders on the Gulf coast. Clay preparation and surface decoration on pottery fragments from most Plaquemine culture sites were clearly derived from Coles Creek precedents. Good examples of this culture are the Medora Site (the type site for the culture and period) in West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, and the Anna, Emerald Mound, Winterville and Holly Bluff sites located in Mississippi. The Caddoan Mississippian culture was a prehistoric Native American culture considered by archaeologists as a variant of the Mississippian culture. By the historic period, power had shifted within the Natchez polity from Emerald Mound to the Grand Village of the Natchez. They sometimes added small solid handles called lugs and textured the surface by brushing clumps of grass over the vessel before it was fired. Groups who appear to have absorbed more Mississippian influence were identified at the time of European contact as those tribes speaking the Tunican, Chitimachan, and Muskogean languages. Native sources called it "Quigualtam", the name of the polity, its capital, and its paramount chief. The Mississippian people and their influence slowly spread across much of eastern North America. The name for the culture is taken from the proximity of Medora to the nearby town of Plaquemine. The Mississippian Period lasted from approximately 800 to 1540 CE. These might have been for primary burials, but more often they were for the reburial of remains originally interred in mortuary houses. Mississippian culture, the last major prehistoric cultural development in North America, lasting from about 700 CE to the arrival of the first Europeans. Much of this movement may have been caused by their search for fertile soils in which to grow their crops. This type has a hole in the base of the vessel that was cut while the pot was being made, usually before it was fired. These second tier rulers, part of a hereditary nobility, would have been related matrilineally to the ruling paramount chief. This was true, for example, in the lower Mississippi Valley region (extending into Southeastern Arkansas), where a civilization called the Plaquemine culture thrived mainly by hunting, gathering, and fishing. Many of these Coles Creek sites continued use by their Plaquemine descendants, and Plaquemine sites were still being used in the early 1700s during the early historic period. [6] Through repeated contacts, groups in Mississippi and then Louisiana began adopting Mississippian techniques for making Mississippian culture pottery, as well as ceremonial objects and possibly social structuring. Excavations in the Yazoo Basin area of Mississippi have shown a Cahokia Horizon as extra-regional exotic goods, such as Cahokian pottery and other artifacts, began to be deposited in Coles Creek-Plaquemine culture sites. The sites themselves are thought by archaeologists to have been abandoned by this point but the power center of the polity had probably shifted to another site within its territory. The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, varying regionally. Plaquemine culture did not end, but its domain shrank. [27] Pottery from protohistoric Natchez sites in western Mississippi still used the traditional Plaquemine grog tempering and traditional vessel forms. A single mound Late Coles Creek to Plaquemine/Mississippian site in Tensas Parish, Louisiana which dates from approximately 1200–1541.