<> Bioresour Technol. <> Currently he is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Applied Phycology, and convenor of the BEAM (Biotechnological and Environmental Applications of Microalgae) Research Network and the BEAM-RIRDC Algae Biofuels group, and President elect of the International Phycological Society. endobj 15, 385–395 (2018). The reaction is called transesterification, and the process takes place in four steps. 15 0 obj The emission was more in case of algal biodiesel (increased from 48 to 273 ppm) compared to petro-diesel (increased from 20 to 154 ppm) at all the engine load conditions. and Frustulia sp.) stream 31 0 obj The calorific value (CV) of any fuel plays an important role as higher calorific value indicates higher power generation to run an engine. Effects of biodiesel and engine load on some emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine. Current Potential for Use as a Biofuel 3. For this reason, many of the reports describing algal biodiesel fuel 14 properties are incomplete with algal biodiesel blended with petrodiesel to complete the fuel 15 testing [16] orhave relied on predictions [17] and simulations such as using a mixture of 16 . � ��� Another ignited cotton thread was dragged on the surface of the former thread. endobj <> endobj Chiang Mai Univ J Nat Sci. Conversely, the properties of algae derived biodiesel (i.e. Biodiesel specifications and test methods according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 are compared with those of petroleum diesel in Table 1. /Contents 48 0 R>> x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �1Rp�W� Biodiesel quality depends on several factors that reflect its chemical and physical characteristics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.08.015. This feedback loop would make algal biodiesel production partially self-sustainable and is something under investigation in Zimmerman’s lab. 2000; Ragit et al. "However, this reality is still far away from anything practical," said Ramos. Sci Total Environ. <> 2016;89:506–14. � �g� a acid esterification (effect on FFA content) and b alkali esterification—b(i) effect on yield; b(ii) effect on FFA content. endobj Biodiesel can form cloud points at a much higher temperature than petro-diesel, close to the freezing point. 8, it can be seen that a higher exhaust temperature was generated when biodiesel was combusted. <> The present study examines the tribological characteristics of biodiesel by using a four-ball tribometer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2013.12.006. 26 0 obj 1 ml of algal biodiesel was passed through column of Perkin Elmer gas chromatogram mass spectrometer and helium was used as carrier gas of flow rate 1.0 mL/min. This is why NO stream This bigger droplet size does not allow the fuel to burn completely, and as a result, HC emission increases. endobj The neat algae biodiesel had a CFPP of 1 degree C, which is comparable to biodiesel derived from used cooking oil. The physico-chemical properties of algal oil meet all the properties given by American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D6751, ISO 15607and EN14214- Europe. Dry lipids are necessary for esterification and removal of - water is expensive. stream grown in waste water as a feedstock for biodiesel: cultivation and fuel characterization. Furthermore, all physicochemical properties met the requirements of international biodiesel standards, EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751, with some remarkable ones such as high cetane number (57.3) and low CFPP (−10°C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.029. Article  Algal Res. endobj <> Under these conditions, a 98.6% conversion rate of algae oil to its methyl ester was achieved with ester content higher than 96%. 23 0 obj <> Algae biodiesel must overcome it’s higher production cost than petroleum or soybean based diesel in order to compete. This may exert good or bad effect on the flora or fauna of that habitat. Appl Energy. endobj 2014; Dassey et al. Adewale P, Dumont M, Ngadi M. Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques. Holbrook GP, Davidson Z, Tatara RA, Ziemer NL, Rosentrater KA. The biodiesel from algae can be derived directly from transesterification of algal biomass . endobj https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.016. These MCDM problems have been considered in nine different criteria (five chemical and three physical properties of fuel and lipid content) to select the suitable one from nine different algae species for biodiesel production. It was found that the CI engine emitted less CO, CO2 and hydrocarbon and higher NO Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. Zukerman R, Vradmana L, Herskowitza M, Livertsa E, Livertsa M, Massnerb A, et al. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �1Up�W� The endstream For the presence of more air and more in-built oxygen of the biodiesel, better combustion takes place and emission of unburned HC reduces. x Most importantly, the transesterification reaction should reach completion for highest production and quality. Biodiesel additives may be required if the temperature of the atmosphere is below 0 °C. 2011;102(1):2–9. Unsaturated fatty acid content is high in algal oils and their presence lowers esterification yields. The numerous benefits of biofuel generation from microalgae are motivation for further analysis and development: biomass yields of up to 100 to 150 tons dry matter per ha and year with lipid contents of around 40%, biodiesel yields of 40 to 50 tons per ha and year by far exceed the most promising yields from land crops. 28 0 obj But as the load on engine increases, a more air-rich mixture (higher air to fuel ratio) is injected in the combustion chamber along with more fuel. � ��� This chapter discusses the potential fuel properties of biodiesel derived from algal oils. Another issue is cold weather properties for biodiesel. Chem Eng J. 2018) were studied using standard methods (Table 3). stream � ��� Pet Sci. An analysis of energy consumption for algal biodiesel production: comparing the literature with current estimates. Pet Sci. 38 0 obj Gadge SV, Raheman H. Process optimization for biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indicia) oil for using response surface methodology. The Bioenergy Technologies Office’s (BETO’s) Advanced Algal Systems program supports research and development (R&D) to lower the costs of producing algal biofuels and bioproducts. endstream 2005;84(9):1059–65. It is very simple to extract oil from algae. /Contents 20 0 R>> The catalyst was reused for up to 90% efficiency in up to 5 steps. Scenedesmus dimorphus is a unicellular algae in the class Chlorophyceae (green algae). emission of a diesel engine fuelled with ultra-low sulphur diesel, RME diesel blends and PME diesel blends. Kumar N, Mohapatra SK, Kundu K, Karmakar R. Optimization of safflower oil transesterification using the Taguchi approach. x 2010;408(5):1050–8. Some algae species have high Oil content (up to 60% oil by weight) and can produce up to 15,000 gallons of oil per Acre per year under optimum conditions. Algae can be converted into various types of fuels, depending on the technique and the part of the cells used. All the properties of the algal biodiesel were within the ASTM standard limits (Table 5). 2017) was used to prepare twenty-five sets (orthogonal L25 array) of parameters (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time) for both esterification procedures (Table 1). endstream 2008) (Lapuertaet al. Renew Sustain Rev. The principal hope for overcoming the problem, both scientists said, is through genetic engineering of algae so they yield oils with more useful properties. 22 0 obj Different mechanisms and properties of centrifugation, chamber press filtration, and flocculation, necessary for harvesting the algae, were also investigated by Zimmerman’s LCA. Experimental study on particulate and NO New York: McGraw Hill Book Company; 1989. https://doi.org/10.1002/qre.4680050312. endobj 2011). endobj This chapter discusses the potential fuel properties of biodiesel derived from algal oils. <> stream � �x� Bioresour Technol. 1a). Different fuels and their calorific values, Values (three replica of each experiment and their mean) of different properties of algal biodiesel—a acid value; b calorific value; c kinematic viscosity; d relative density; e flash and fire point; f cloud and pour point; g ash content; h carbon residue content. The experiments Purpose was. stream In the current study, exhaust temperature was found to be higher for combustion of algal biodiesel than that for combustion of the diesel (Fig. Sumit DH, Kumar T, Halder G. Biodiesel synthesis from Hevea brasiliensis oil employing carbon supported heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization by Taguchi method. and methanol direct transesterification Solvent: methanol and 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium methyl sulfate, [EMIM][MeSO 4] 5–15 min Temp. endobj /Contents 16 0 R>> Although the main constraints of applications of biodiesels are their high market price (Amano-Boadu et al. stream <> In CI engines, a more air-rich mixture is injected into the combustion chamber as the engine load increases. <> endstream <>/Group <> Potential Yields 6. © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. It was noted that the maximum amount of oil was extracted from algal biomass using combination of n-hexane and Di-ethyl Ether. A di-gas analyser (AVL 444) was used to check the emissions in the exhaust of the engine. � ��� Environmental and Sustainability Issues According to the report of Shirneshan (2013), highest HC emission, for the combustion of waste frying oil methyl ester, takes place at 40% load and decreases gradually thereafter with the increase in engine load. Silva PT, Detmann E, Valadares Filho SC, Detmann KSC, Barros LV, Martins SCV, et al. On contrary, the cloud and pour points of the produced fuel were higher (1 and −2.67 °C, respectively) (Fig. /Contents 42 0 R>> endobj endstream Exhaust temperature also gives an idea of the temperature inside the engine, and engine temperature plays a very important role in emission of different gases. � ��� interest for biodiesel production because FAAE produced from higher alcohols may have different fuel properties in comparison to methyl or ethyl esters (Knothe 2005). Green algae have risen as a standout amongst the most encouraging hotspots for biodiesel creation. endobj Characterization of jatropha oil for the preparation of biodiesel. Different types of algae are seen to grow widely in various types of medium. In this experiment, increased engine load was found to be associated with a gradual decrease in CO emission, and CO emission of algal biodiesel (191–30 ppm) was much lower than that of petro-diesel (560–101 ppm) (Fig. 2014;67:136–42. <> Where, W1 = Initial weight of biodiesel. Production Challenges 7. endobj oil extraction and transesterification. When researching his paper, ‘Production and Properties of Biodiesel from Algal Oils’ which will be published by Springer in a book, currently in press, entitled Algae for Biofuels and Energy, he made "unexpected" findings, he said. 25 0 obj The formula for calculating the ash content is given below. The product was kept inside a hot air oven for 1 h at 100 °C after which it underwent alkali esterification. Conti J, Holtberg P. International Energy Outlook 2011. Buasri A, Chaiyut N, Katlekha P, Mongkolwatee W, Boonrawd S. Biodiesel production from crude palm oil with a high content of free fatty acids and fuel properties. The optimized conditions for transesterification were: methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst (KOH) concentration of 2.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 50 °C, achieving a biodiesel production of 89.7% with free fatty acid content of 0.25%. Energy Convers Manage. using algal biodiesel than that using petro-diesel. From GC analysis, oleic and linoleic acids were found to be major fatty acids, and then the oxygen extended sooting index and adiabatic flame temperature were calculated using fatty acid distribution for evaluating the main diesel emissions such as soot and NO. Petroleum Science The presence of different fatty acid methyl esters was detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �14Sp�W� /Contents 24 0 R>> Almost 10% oil was extracted in this procedure. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass; biodiesel derived from micro algal oil photo biologically produced bio hydrogen [11-20]. endstream Estimated Production Cost 8. The nichrome wire was stuck to two sticks attached to the fuse wires. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.004. So, these algae are treated as wastes and remain unused. 12 0 obj � �^� /Group <> It can be construed that green growth developed in CO2-enhanced air can be changed over to sleek substances. To evaluate microalgae for biodiesel production by examining their fuel properties. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �1Wp�W� stream Toggle main menu visibility. x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �Pp�W� 2016). Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats or other materials composed of triacylglycerols. <> endobj <> 2005;97(3):379–84. Micro-algae are the fastest growing photosynthesizing unicellular organisms and can complete an entire growing cycle every few days. stream Then, it was placed inside the insulated container containing distilled water and the fuse wires were placed in their position on the bomb. SCI .VOL 2(3) 2011 493. The produced algal biodiesel (B100) and petro-diesel were used to run a CI engine (Table 4). The first step is to mix the alcohol for reaction with the catalyst, typically a strong base such as NaOH or KOH. Unlike renewable diesel, which consists of straight and branched alkanes, the physical and chemical properties of algal methyl ester biodiesel are directly related to … stream https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.05.049. Karmakar R, Rajor A, Kundu K, Kumar N. Production of biodiesel from unused algal biomass in Punjab, India. 47 0 obj x 2010). stream A 0.1–0.5 mL of biodiesel was taken in a conical flask. <> Rachan Karmakar. BD was characterized according to ASTM standard. /Contents 28 0 R>> moisture content, carbon residue, calorific value, specific gravity, acid value, flash point, viscosity, density, viscosity and their values found to be 0.01%,0.04%, 40.41 MJ/kg, 0.83,, 0.23 mgKOH/g, 143.67 °C, 5.16 mm2 /s, 0.83 g/cm3 respectively. Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow. This time combination 13 was found to be most effective to produce algal biodiesel with highest yield and lowest FFA content (Fig. storage, ammonia production and SCR. Here also, HC emission, under all load conditions, was less for algal biodiesel than that for diesel (Fig. 20 0 obj Biodiesels from different sources, like vegetable oil (Gadge and Raheman 2005; Alcantara et al. Centrifugation spins the algae sample at a high speed in order to separate the denser algal cells from the less dense growth media while chamber press filtration separates the solid algal cells from the … <> 36 0 obj x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �14Wp�W� 2012; An et al. 2011). endstream <> endobj 44 0 obj Taguchi techniques for quality engineering. 2011) and animal fat (Bankovic-llic et al. Algal Biomass and Biodiesel Production Emad A. Shalaby Biochemistry Dept., Facult. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.014. Algae produce 7 to 31 time greater oil than palm oil. 35 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001. Shirneshan A, Almassi M, Ghobadian B, Borghei AM, Najjafi GH. The crucible was weighed again when its temperature dropped to room temperature. alkyl esters produced directly from algal triglycerides via a transesterification reaction with an alcohol) are directly related to the fatty acid composition of the algal triglycerides. From the point of view of environmental pollution, algae can be a good resource for biodiesel production. endobj They are classified into three broa… Emission of NO Int J Curr Sci. <> strain have the phytochemical properties. Palash SM, Kalam MA, Masjuki HH, Arbab MI, Masum BM, Sanjid A. Impacts of NO In the current experiment, NO x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �12Tp�W� Macro algae are also considered as a very promising feedstock for biodiesel production. 48 0 obj endobj In this study, cultures of algae from different canals in Punjab (India) were used as the feedstock for production of biodiesel, for the following reasons. was collected from their sites for this experiment and kept in the sun for seven days for complete drying. Bioresour Technol. 1b(i) and b(ii)). x�3R��2�35W(�*T0P�R0T(�Y@���@QC= P A�J��� �1Qp�W� A 50 mL of solvent mixture (95% ethanol and diethyl ether in 1:1 ratio) was added to it and mixed thoroughly. Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils. 2002;41(15):3512–7. From Fig. Their research findings appear in Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Dec. 1, 2020 (DOI: 10.1063/5.0010668) by AIP Publishing. This results in better combustion of the fuel and reduces the production of CO. As the biodiesel contains in-built oxygen, combustion of it is more complete than petro-diesel. 19 0 obj An H, Yang WM, Chou SK, Chua KJ. As 50 mL of the biodiesel was collected in the measuring cylinder, the stopper was placed again to stop the flow of the biodiesel. The formula for measuring the density is as follows: The biodiesel was kept inside the flash and fire point apparatus, and a cotton thread was placed in it. endstream A = 0.26 and B = 179 (when the time taken is less than 100 s), or A = 0.24 and B = 50 (when time taken is more than 100 s). Evaluation of total and non-fatty ether extract in feeds and cattle feces using two analytical methods. 2). Renew Energy. endobj All properties of the algal biodiesel were within the limit of ASTM standards. Fuel. 2013;75:292–7. Algae. 9 0 obj Technology Report, www.eia.gov. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.027. The algal culture was collected from several canals of Punjab, India. 2014;4:89–95. <> Algal fuels have high yields, can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources, can be produced using saline water and wastewater, have a high ignition point, and are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats or other materials composed of triacylglycerols. A blending ratio of the algal-biodiesel up to 50% (v/v) was also found in agreement with the standards for biodiesel-diesel blends. Stanisław Szwaja, Marcin Dębowski, Marcin Zieliński, Marta Kisielewska, Ewa Stańczyk-Mazanek, Monika Sikorska. The effect of an oxidation precatalyst on the NOx reduction by ammonia SCR. /Contents 36 0 R>> The threats of pollution due to the use of conventional and non-conventional fuels are becoming evident (Conti and Holtberg 2011). /Contents 34 0 R>> endobj BD was characterized according to ASTM standard. volume 15, pages385–395(2018)Cite this article. endstream is produced from the combustion of algal biodiesel than from the combustion of petro-diesel. The physiochemical properties of spirullina maxima algal biodiesel is presented in table-1. The amount of ester produced in this procedure was 89.7%, while the FFA content of the biodiesel was 0.25%. The weight of the bulb was measured after its temperature dropped to room temperature. Amano-Boadu V, Pfromm PH, Nelson R. Economic feasibility of algal biodiesel under alternative public policies. 2015), have become popular over the last few years. 7 0 obj Different mechanisms and properties of centrifugation, chamber press filtration, and flocculation, necessary for harvesting the algae, were also investigated by Zimmerman’s LCA.
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