fast food consumption among college students questionnaire

", "Fast food not the major cause of rising childhood obesity rates, study finds", "Empty Calories: What are empty calories? Dietary patterns and survival of older Europeans: the EPIC-elderly study (European prospective investigation into Cancer and nutrition). [42] Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could begin clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. A total of 1683 students across the five universities responded to the survey. Appetite. Students’ gender, age, year of study, geographical location and cooking ability were associated with differences in pattern behaviour. Kings Fund. [39][40], When junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many other chronic health conditions. A student survey conducted in Northern Ireland reported a positive gradient in diet quality by year of study [3]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore which factors influence Belgian (European) university students’ eating behaviour, using a qualitative research design. London: British Government; 2015. An online, cross-sectional survey was undertaken with a convenience sample of 1448 university students from five UK universities (King’s College London, Universities of St Andrews, Southampton and Sheffield, and Ulster University). "[10], In the UK, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt or fat at any time when children may be viewing are ongoing. nz’s authority on food technology, research and manufacturing. The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Int J Obes. [41] A case study on consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation between consumption of junk food and obesity rates. Dietary studies of British university students are constrained by crude dietary assessment, small sample size and generally focus on a single university [3, 4]. Furthermore, their analytical approach has been on single foods and/or nutrients, which has allowed assessment of intake relative to dietary recommendations. Research into food choice investigates how people select the food they eat. The text that follows summarises the key findings. In 1976, "Junk Food Junkie", a US Top 10 pop song, described a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night gorges on Hostess Twinkies and Fritos corn chips, McDonald's and KFC. 4 5 5. editorial For each retained dietary component a GLM was fitted with demographic variables only (Group 1). In Model 2, higher pattern scores were independently associated with male gender (p < 0.001), regular/social smoking status (p < 0.001), most frequent consumption pre-prepared foods (p = 0.040), frequent consumption of ready-meals/take-aways (p < 0.001), frequent breakfast skipping (p < 0.001), regular consumption of animal products (p < 0.001) and greater amounts of money spent on food (p < 0.001). Monthly and Weekly Compilation In PDF and Videos. In Model 1, ‘very active’ physical activity levels (p < 0.001), ‘White Other’ ethnicity (p = 0.004) and third year of undergraduate study (p = 0.041) were independently associated with higher scores on the ‘health-conscious’ pattern. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. "[50], An early, high-profile and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the American diet was undertaken by the McGovern Committee (United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, chaired by Senator George McGovern) between 1968 and 1977. Devine P, Lloyd K, Gray AM. This year, all 158 graduating UCSF School of Medicine students matched to clinical training, internship, or residency programs at hospitals. M. E. Barker. [65], Center for Science in the Public Interest, Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health, United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, US Department of Health and Human Services, "WHO warns on kids' digital exposure to junk-food ads", "The proposed 'junk food' advertising ban is aimed at you, not your children", "Protecting children from the harmful effects of food and drink marketing", "Pizza perfect! However, the tendency for students at the University of Sheffield to score lowest on a ‘health-conscious’ diet is not in line with this explanation. University students represent a substantial proportion (50%) of the UK young adult population [1] and an individual’s university career may be influential in the establishment of long-term eating patterns and thus chronic disease risk. General linear models (GLMs) were firstly fitted for demographic variables alone (model 1) and then with additional eating factors (model 2). AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare. MADE EASY PRIME. JC & LKP facilitated recruitment of students from the University of St Andrews and Ulster University, respectively. Attendance at Ulster University was independently associated with lower ‘vegetarian’ pattern scores (p < 0.001). [62] The UK government has been criticized for failing to do enough to stop advertising and promotion of junk food aimed at children. [59] On April 1, 2015, the first fat tax in the US, the Navajo Nation's Healthy Diné Nation Act of 2014, mandating a 2% junk food tax, came into effect, covering the 27,000 sq mi (70,000 km2) Navajo reservation; the Act targeted problems with obesity and diabetes among the Navajo population. A controversial “dietary guidelines recommendation” published in Annals of Internal Medicine suggests that adults can continue to consume red meat and processed meat at current levels of intake. A second GLM was then fitted, which included significant demographic variables and variables from Group 2. Appetite. (Kansas City). We apologize for the inconvenience, but you may be able to find it instead through your library resources. Lac A, Donaldson CD. Junk food is unhealthy food that is high in calories from sugar or fat, with little dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, or other important forms of nutritional value.. "[23] Cracker Jack, the candy-coated popcorn-and-peanuts confection, is credited as the first popular name-brand junk food; it was created in Chicago, registered in 1896, and became the best-selling candy in the world 20 years later. However information from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) indicates an SES gradient between universities: a greater proportion of students at Ulster University are from manual occupational backgrounds than from KCL, Sheffield and Southampton (no data available for St Andrews) [30]. (DOCX 26 kb). The ‘vegetarian’, ‘snacking’ and ‘health-conscious’ patterns identified here are analogous to those previously reported in adult and adolescent UK populations [22, 23]. Br J Nutr. In Model 2, the five significant demographic factors identified in Model 1 remained independently associated with ‘health-conscious’ pattern scores. We talk about it all the time: planning what to eat next, recalling the delicious dishes we had before, and even watching culinary shows. Food intake varied amongst university students. The committee took issue with the use of salt, sugar and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the American Medical Association, and within the committee itself. The cut-offs for implausible energy intakes in the Nurses’ Health Study (< 500 Kcal/day and > 3500 Kcal/day) and Healthcare Professionals’ Follow-up Study (< 800 Kcal/day or > 4200 Kcal/day) were used to identify and exclude participants reporting implausible energy intakes the current study. Eating habits have been a major concern among university students as a determinant of health status. Each participant gave informed consent on the first page of the web-survey. The University of Sheffield was its sponsor. This research aimed to characterise dietary patterns of university students in the UK and their sociodemographic and lifestyle antecedents. An innovative new study in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics provides data on how changes in the food environment around low-income and high-ethnic/racial minority populations impact childhood obesity over time. Available from: http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/clustering-unhealthy-behaviours-over-time. Results from Years 1–4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009–2011/12). Junk food is unhealthy food that is high in calories from sugar or fat, with little dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, or other important forms of nutritional value.[1][2][3]. A review of drinking motives. Less healthful dietary patterns were positively associated with lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, low physical activity and take-away consumption. Although there is some evidence that dietary behaviours track from adolescence to adulthood [5, 6], the transition from home to university life has been associated with unfavourable changes to food intake: increases in alcohol and sugar intake, and decreases in fruit and vegetable consumption have been reported [7]. Indeed, the BMI distributions were also biased towards healthy, in keeping with other student surveys [4, 26]. 2010;64:978–86. Consumption results in pleasurable, likely addictive, effects in the brain. of Agriculture study", "Why Is Junk Food So Popular? This clustering of behaviours is important, since the negative health outcomes associated with multiple lifestyle risk factors are greater than the sum of individual health risk behaviours [27]. Brunner TA, van der Horst K, Siegrist M. Convenience food products. Correspondence to The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor Peter Emery at King’s College London and Dr. Penelope Nestel at The University of Southampton for their assistance in administration of the survey. The main strength of our study is the large, representative and geographically diverse sample. Precise definitions vary by purpose and over time. Google ScholarÂ. Variables were categorised into two groups for entry into a GLM: 1) demographic variables: gender, age, leisure-time physical activity, BMI, smoking, ethnicity, year of study, term-time accommodation, university attended, and full-time/part-time status 2) cooking- and eating-related variables: cooking ability, animal food consumption, frequency of consumption of meals prepared using raw ingredients, frequency of consumption of meals using pre-prepared foods, frequency of consumption of ready-meals and take-aways, frequency of consumption of meals from university cafeteria, frequency of skipping breakfast, frequency of skipping lunch, and amount spent on food. Nutrient intakes were estimated to characterise the nutrient profile of each dietary pattern. There are also indications of high intakes of confectionery and fast foods, and low consumption of fruit and vegetables [3, 4]. 140 Creative PowerPoint Presentation Topics for College Students When it comes to creating a good PowerPoint presentation, choosing an interesting topic can define your success. Conversely students favouring more healthful dietary patterns reported greater engagement in other health-promoting lifestyle choices, including not smoking, greater participation in physical activity. The majority of students (n = 1000; 69.1%) reported a healthy BMI (18.5–24.99 kg/m2); mean BMI was 22.8 kg/m2 (SD 4.64 kg/m2). Much has changed in the economy over the past few months due to the SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value. [15], In Andrew F. Smith's Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food, junk food is defined as "those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. International students (non-Home or non-EU) were not included because of possible heterogeneity in food choice (this issue was identified in the pilot study), and the dietary assessment instrument used was Euro-centric. It is possible that as students mature they become increasingly aware of the impact of dietary choices on health and well-being, and health thus becomes an increasingly important determinant of food choice. 2011;111:1004–11. Similarly, there is enormous heterogeneity in motives for drinking alcohol including coping, enhancement of social status, religious practice, personality type and alcohol availability [37, 38]. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and young adults: the Northern Ireland young hearts project. Frequencies of consumption in the questionnaire were expressed as follows: every day = 7/week, through to once per week = 1/week; once every 2–3 weeks (F) = 0.5/week; rarely/never (R) = 0. El AW, Stock C, John J, Deeny P, Phillips C, Snelgrove S, et al. In "The Impact of Advertising on Childhood obesity", the American Psychological Association reports: "Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity. et al. For example, it is recognised that adoption of a vegetarian diet is related to concern about the environment and animal welfare, as well as for health reasons and weight management [35, 36]. Students reporting greater cooking ability tended towards the ‘vegetarian’ and ‘health-conscious’ patterns. Additionally, reporting being ‘able to cook a wide range of meals from raw ingredients’ (p = 0.002), daily consumption of meals made from raw ingredients (p < 0.001) and pre-prepared foods (p = 0.002), greatest amount of money spent on food (≥50/week) (p < 0.001), at least occasional consumption of animal products (p < 0.001) and infrequent skipping of breakfast (p < 0.001) were independently associated with higher health-conscious pattern scores. In Model 1, low leisure-time physical activity (p < 0.001), attendance at Ulster University (p = 0.003), full time student status (p = 0.001) and living with parents/other relatives (p < 0.001) were independently associated with higher ‘snacking’ pattern scores. The report asserts that obesity resulted in related complex health concerns such as an upsurge in the rate of heart attacks. Wrieden WL, Anderson AS, Longbottom PJ, Valentine K, Stead M, Caraher M, et al. Students tending to the ‘convenience, red meat & alcohol’ pattern reported spending more money on food each week. Dietary preferences also varied between participating universities. Inclusion of pregnant individuals among priority populations for all 50 US States. Examination of scatter plots revealed no evidence of non-linear relationships between component scores and nutrient intakes. Nutr Rev. Multi-comparison post-hoc tests with Sidak correction were carried out to aid interpretation of significant factors in the GLM. 2011;19:197–204. Lennox A, Prynne C, Swan G, Roberts C, Steer T, Pell D, et al. Additionally, the first year of university life has been identified as a period associated with body weight gain in both North American [8] and UK students [9, 10]. Rare – compared to occasional or almost daily - consumption of take-aways/ready meals was associated with lower scores (p = 0.042). No association, however, was identified between cooking ability and scores on the less healthful dietary patterns (snacking; convenience, red meat & alcohol). Cheap essay writing sercice. The majority of respondents were from the University of Sheffield (n = 567; 39.2%), Ulster University in Northern Ireland (n = 443; 30.6%) and KCL (n = 305; 21.1%). 2012;58:1091–8 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22407132. The first is to provide college-age undergraduate and graduate students, many of whom have not yet established their own households, with issues and interests they can relate to. However, some students consumed poor diets, incurred greater food costs and practised unfavourable lifestyle behaviours, which may have long-term health effects. The health-conscious pattern had greatest nutrient density. 2006;106:2001–7. EFS wrote the first draft of the manuscript, with help from MEB. Guo SS, Huang C, Maynard LM, Demerath E, Towne B, Chumlea WC, et al. A substantial proportion of students followed health-promoting diets, which had good nutrient profiles obviating a need for dietary intervention. Yarnell JW, Fehily AM, Milbank J, Sweetnam P, Walker C. A short dietary questionnaire for use in an epidemiological survey: comparison with weight dietary records. This homogeneity suggests that this pattern is pervasive across all universities studied, substantiating popular beliefs that the diet of UK university students is one of poor quality. 2008;88:14–5. At age seven, the 4000 children were given the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with five scales: hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms and pro-social behavior. It has identified a number of antecedents of both healthful and unhealthful dietary practices. Students with poor cooking ability were less likely to adopt healthier (vegetarian; health-conscious) diets than their more skilled counterparts. Numbers of students excluded based on fulfilment of various eligibility criteria. [48], In a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drinks of 4000 children at the age of four and a half were collected by maternal report. Sprake, E.F., Russell, J.M., Cecil, J.E. www.sanslimitesn.com S'informer Pour Informer 10,772 were here. Dietary gradients were also evident in relation to geography in a comparative study of university students from seven universities across the UK, although absence of information on specific university location limits comparison [2]. Furthermore, high rates of body dissatisfaction and dieting behaviours have been noted, particularly amongst female students [12, 13]. The mean age of the sample was 21.5 years (SD 2.63 years). Only intake of total sugars (energy-adjusted) was strongly and negatively correlated with the ‘convenience, red meat & alcohol’ pattern (r = − 0.577; P < 0.01). [16] Many foods, such as hamburgers, pizza, and tacos, can be considered either healthy or junk food, depending on their ingredients and preparation methods. Mccourt HJ, Draffin CR, Woodside JV, Cardwell CR, Young IS, Hunter SJ, et al. The habits children develop early in life may encourage them to adopt unhealthy dietary practices which persist into adulthood, increasing the likelihood of overweight, obesity and associated health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The findings of the present study should be interpreted in light of its strengths and limitations. Longitudinal research is now needed to investigate this possibility. Details of the constituent foods comprising the 55 foods/food groups entered into the PCA. University policy to improve students’ diets should also incorporate efforts to promote student engagement in cooking and food preparation, and increased availability of low cost healthier food items. This was the autumn semester 2013 for students at Sheffield, the autumn semester 2014 for students at Ulster and KCL, and the spring semester 2014 for students at Southampton and St Andrews. Friendship quality, body dissatisfaction, dieting & disordered eating in adolescent girls. Eating behaviour traits and physical activity as predictors of weight gain during the first year of university. Just over half (55%) of students reported that they were able to cook a wide range of meals from raw ingredients, and 73% consumed self-cooked meals from raw ingredients ‘every’ or ‘most’ days. Furthermore, use of an FFQ allowed dietary intake to be captured over a 3-month semester and facilitated recruitment of a large, geographically diverse sample, albeit a convenience one. Information on dieting/weight loss behaviour, supplement use, cooking ability (four response options from ‘able to cook wide range of meals from raw ingredients’ through to ‘unable to cook at all’), smoking status (students were asked to self-identify as a never smoker, ex-smoker, social smoker or regular smoker), self-reported physical activity levels (students were required to self-identify as not very active, moderately active or very active), body weight (kg) and height (m) (for calculation of body mass index (BMI), kg/m2), cooking behaviours (consumption of: meals made from raw ingredients; pre-prepared foods; ready meals and take-aways; and meals from university cafeteria) and weekly food expenditure (£) was also collected. All students were recruited through university email distribution lists. In contrast, other student-specific research has failed to detect an association between eating habits and age (or year of study), although most of these studies have not collected detailed dietary data [2, 4, 10, 26]. Cookies policy. 2007;10:203–11. In terms of eating behaviours of the sample, just under two-thirds of students described themselves as regular meat-eaters, whilst approximately 10% of students identified themselves as vegetarian. [36], It is well-established that the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent, but the reasons for this are not clear. Kenyon PM, Barker ME. Schutz HK, Paxton SJ. february/march 2021 | volume 21, no.1 issn 1175 – 4621. Barker ME, McClean SI, Thompson KA, Reid NG. Convenience, red meat, alcohol and vegetarian dietary choices are likely to be influenced by a raft of social, cultural and political factors, which have not been included in the model. It had high negative factor loadings for poultry, processed meat, and red meat and offal. There are bad diets - that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food - but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 was used for all statistical analyses. This approach also allows greater insight into the different patterns of food consumption that naturally occur within a population and facilitates identification of sub-groups who may be most in need of health promotion efforts. Furthermore students following this pattern were also more likely to smoke, have frequent consumption of take-aways and pre-prepared foods and engage in lower levels of physical activity. Participants were required to recall their habitual diet over the most recent university semester (three months). 1990;64:319–29 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2223737. Associations with sociodemographic variables were assessed through general linear modelling. A blossoming field of study. Dietary patterns of university students in the UK: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Clin Nutr. We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing service each and every time you place an order. Correlation coefficients ≥0.5 and ≤ − 0.5 were considered strong. 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Current Affairs 2021 for GATE, IES/ESE, ESE, PSUs, UPSC, RRB-JE, Bank, and other Competitive Exams. FFQs are not optimal for the measurement of absolute dietary intake, but the use of a dietary pattern approach permitted ranking according to food group intake and so was considered appropriate. [cited 2018 Aug 29]. If you think about it carefully, most of our lives are spinning around food. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Success Essays is the right place to get it. Although a vegetarian pattern has been described in the wider UK diet pattern literature [21,22,23], it was a minor component, in keeping with the low prevalence of vegetarianism among British adults nationally (3%) [25]. The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, such as urban decay,[51] then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. It should be noted that these models are developmental and clearly only cover some of the potential antecedents of following such patterns. Craving for junk food 'inherited' Mothers who eat junk food during pregnancy may be condemning their children to crave the same diet, according to animal tests. Using multivariate statistical techniques to identify dietary patterns through intake of multiple interrelated food groups captures the complexity and multidimensional nature of diet, which is representative of real life food consumption [17]. These are displayed in Table 3. Springer Nature. Alcohol attitudes, motives, norms, and personality traits longitudinally classify nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and binge drinkers using discriminant function analysis. Slattery ML. Article  A mom posted wonderful feedback on a recent blog post on ADHD and 5-HTP, sharing how how tryptophan has helped her daughter in ways that didn’t even realize were an issue.She was shocked to see so many improvements and she called it a … The following socio-demographic information was collected: age; gender; degree programme and year of study; full/part-time study; nature of term-time residence; ethnicity; religion; socioeconomic status (SES); maternal education; and university attended. Obes Facts. contents. 2014;39:508–13. All authors contributed to revisions and approval of the final manuscript.